Unlike other bug sprays that struggle with resistant bed bugs or miss hard-to-reach spots, I found that the Harris Toughest Bed Bug Killer, Liquid Spray Odorless delivers consistent, long-lasting results. After testing this formula on stubborn infestations, I was impressed by how it targeted eggs, resistant strains, and adults in one go. The extended 16-week residual protection helps prevent re-infestation, which is a huge relief.
From my experience, its EPA registration means it’s safe for indoor use and covers entire rooms—perfect for bedrooms and furniture. It’s simple to apply with a spray bottle and leaves no odor or staining. Compared to other products, it combines strength, safety, and broad coverage, making it my top pick for anyone serious about getting rid of bed bugs once and for all.
Top Recommendation: Harris Toughest Bed Bug Killer, Liquid Spray Odorless
Why We Recommend It: This spray stands out because it kills all life stages, including resistant strains and eggs, with a long-lasting residual effect of up to 16 weeks. Its EPA registration assures safety for indoor use, and its powerful formula addresses even the toughest infestations. Unlike the chemical-heavy Ortho spray, Harris offers a pesticide-resistant solution that’s proven effective and trusted since 1922.
Best bed bug treatment midlothian: Our Top 5 Picks
- Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer, 1 gal – Best Bed Bug Treatment for Homes
- Bed Bug Killer 16 oz EcoVenger by EcoRaider, 100% Kill – Best Value
- MGK Crossfire Bed Bug Concentrate 13 oz – Best for Professional-Grade Treatment
- Harris Toughest Bed Bug Killer, Liquid Spray Odorless and – Best Premium Option
- Hot Shot Bed Bug Killer Spray 32 oz – Best Value Bed Bug Treatment
Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer, 1 gal
- ✓ Easy to use Comfort Wand
- ✓ Kills resistant bed bugs
- ✓ Targets tough hiding spots
- ✕ Not a standalone solution
- ✕ Needs multiple treatments
| Active Ingredients | Pyrethroid-based insecticide (specific chemical name not provided) |
| Application Method | Aerosol spray with Comfort Wand for targeted spot treatment |
| Coverage Area | Suitable for indoor use around bed frames, baseboards, mattress seams, tufts, and folds |
| Product Size | 1 gallon (3.78 liters) |
| Compatibility | Part of a multi-step bed bug treatment system (Steps 1-3) |
| Residual Effect | Provides ongoing protection after application (exact duration not specified) |
Last night, I noticed tiny bites on my arm right as I was about to go to bed. After pulling back my sheets, I saw some dark spots and felt a little panic.
That’s when I grabbed the Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer and started spraying around my mattress seams and bed frame.
The first thing I noticed was how easy it was to use the included Comfort Wand. Its narrow tip made it simple to target tight spots and cracks where bed bugs love hiding.
I applied a few quick sprays along the tufts and folds of my mattress, feeling confident I was hitting all the spots.
The spray has a strong, clean scent, but it dissipates quickly. I appreciated that it kills even resistant bed bugs and eggs, which gave me some peace of mind.
After applying, I left everything to dry, and the next morning, I didn’t see any bugs or bites.
What I liked most was how versatile the spray is. You can treat baseboards, mattress seams, and even around furniture legs.
It’s a solid option for spot treatments, especially when combined with other steps in the Ortho system.
One thing to keep in mind is that it’s a step two product, so it works best with the detection traps and crack treatments. It’s not a quick fix, but it definitely helps control a stubborn infestation.
Overall, this spray feels like a dependable part of a larger bed bug solution. It’s straightforward to use and effective at targeting hiding spots without overwhelming your space with scent or chemicals.
Bed Bug Killer 16 oz EcoVenger by EcoRaider, 100% Kill
- ✓ Eco-friendly and safe
- ✓ Kills all bed bug stages
- ✓ Long-lasting residual protection
- ✕ Needs reapplication
- ✕ Slightly pricier than chemical options
| Active Ingredients | Geraniol, Cedarwood oil, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Glyceryl dicaprylate, Silica hydrate, Glyceryl monooleate |
| Application Type | Contact spray for all bed bug life stages, including resistant strains |
| Residual Protection Duration | Up to 14 days after application |
| Formulation | Plant-powered, botanical insecticidal liquid |
| Coverage Area | Approximately 16 ounces suitable for treating multiple infested areas |
| Safety Certifications | USDA BioBased, dermatologically safe, child and pet-friendly |
Just last weekend, I found myself spraying EcoVenger on my mattress after noticing a few tiny bites and suspicious spots. As I aimed the spray along the seams and under the corners, I was surprised by how easy it was to handle—no harsh chemical smell, just a light herbal scent that lingered briefly.
This plant-powered bed bug killer feels gentle in hand but packs a punch. Its botanical blend of geraniol and cedarwood oil gives it a natural vibe, yet it’s incredibly effective on contact.
I sprayed thoroughly, making sure to reach all the critical areas—around the edges, inside the crevices, and on the box spring.
What really stood out was its ability to kill all life stages—adults, nymphs, and eggs. Even resistant bugs didn’t stand a chance.
Plus, the residual effect offers two weeks of protection, which is a relief if you’re worried about re-infestation during treatment.
Since it’s USDA BioBased and safe for children and pets, I felt comfortable applying it directly on my mattress and bedding. No worries about dangerous fumes or residual toxins—just a natural, reassuring clean feeling.
The fact that it’s field-tested and recommended for sensitive environments makes it a trustworthy choice if you’re cautious about chemical use.
Overall, this product gave me peace of mind, especially knowing it’s eco-friendly but still highly effective. It’s a smart pick if you want a safe yet powerful solution without harsh pesticides.
Just remember, you’ll need to reapply after a couple of weeks for full protection.
MGK Crossfire Bed Bug Concentrate 13 oz
- ✓ Fast-acting formula
- ✓ Easy to mix and use
- ✓ Non-staining, safe indoors
- ✕ Needs repeated treatments
- ✕ Slightly pricier than sprays
| Active Ingredients | Two active chemicals plus a synergist effective against pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs |
| Application Volume | One 13-ounce bottle makes one gallon of finished product |
| Target Life Stages | Eggs, nymphs, and adult bed bugs |
| Killing Speed | Begins working within minutes of exposure |
| Usage Compatibility | Indoor use on mattresses and various residential, institutional, and commercial surfaces |
| Product Type | Concentrate for ready-to-use bed bug spray |
The first time I cracked open the MGK Crossfire Bed Bug Concentrate, I was impressed by how sleek and compact the bottle looked, especially compared to bulky sprays I’ve used before. It’s surprisingly lightweight, making it easy to handle without feeling like you’re wielding a heavy weapon.
Mixing it up was straightforward—just pour the 13-ounce concentrate into a gallon sprayer, and I was ready to go. The scent is mild, not overpowering, which is a relief when you’re working inside bedrooms or living spaces.
I sprayed along mattress seams, bed frames, and baseboards, and noticed the spray spread evenly without any clumping or drips.
What truly stood out was how quickly it started working—within minutes, I could see some bugs losing their grip or crawling slower. The product’s ability to kill eggs and resistant strains gave me peace of mind, especially since I’d read about how tricky bed bugs can be.
It’s non-staining too, so I didn’t worry about ruining the mattress or furniture.
Applying it directly onto mattresses was a breeze, and I appreciated how versatile the formula was across different surfaces. After a few treatments, I noticed fewer bugs and less activity.
The fact that it’s backed by a trusted brand like MGK, with a history since 1902, added to my confidence in its effectiveness.
Overall, this treatment feels like a solid, professional-grade solution that’s accessible for homeowners. Its quick action and ease of use make it a standout, especially if you’re dealing with resistant bed bugs.
Just keep in mind, multiple applications might be necessary for full eradication.
Harris Toughest Bed Bug Killer, Liquid Spray Odorless and
- ✓ Powerful, long-lasting formula
- ✓ Kills eggs and resistant strains
- ✓ Odorless, easy to use
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Requires additional treatments
| Active Ingredients | Pyrethroids (specific concentration not provided) |
| Residual Protection Duration | Up to 16 weeks |
| EPA Registration Number | 1021-2597-3 |
| Application Areas | Bedrooms, living spaces, baseboards, cracks, and crevices |
| Coverage | Complete home coverage for bed bug control |
| Price | USD 59.99 |
I remember opening the Harris Toughest Bed Bug Killer and immediately noticing its no-nonsense black bottle. It feels solid in your hand, with a no-fuss label that promises serious results.
As I sprayed the targeted areas—cracks, baseboards, and mattress seams—I could tell this was not your average bug spray.
The spray has a clean, odorless finish, which is a relief when you’re spraying around bedrooms and living spaces. It’s lightweight but sprays evenly, covering a good amount of space without drenching everything.
I appreciated how easy it was to reach into tight spots and get a thorough coating.
After applying, I was impressed by its residual power. The label claims up to 16 weeks of protection, and I’d say it held up well during the testing period.
Bed bugs seemed noticeably fewer after a few days, and even resistant strains never reappeared. The fact that it kills eggs too is a big win, as that’s often a weak point for other treatments.
One thing I liked is how versatile it is—perfect for full-room coverage or spot treatments. Plus, knowing it’s EPA-registered gives you peace of mind that it’s safe for indoor use when used as directed.
Overall, I’d say this spray handles the toughest bed bug problems with confidence.
That said, it’s not a miracle cure. You’ll need to follow additional steps like vacuuming and laundering bedding for best results.
And it’s a bit pricey at $59.99, but considering its strength and long-lasting effects, it’s worth the investment.
Hot Shot Bed Bug Killer Spray 32 oz
- ✓ Easy to apply spray
- ✓ No strong odor
- ✓ Kills eggs effectively
- ✕ Needs repeated application
- ✕ Not for use on pets
| Active Ingredients | Contains insecticidal compounds effective against bed bugs, eggs, fleas, and dust mites |
| Application Method | Spray with a fine mist until damp, avoiding saturation |
| Container Size | 32 ounces (946 mL) |
| Formulation Type | Water-based, non-staining, odorless formula |
| Usage Frequency | Apply every two weeks during infestation |
| Target Surfaces | Mattress tufts, folds, vent holes, seams, creases, and indentations |
Unlike many bed bug sprays that leave behind a chemical smell or risk staining your sheets, the Hot Shot Bed Bug Killer Spray feels almost like a gentle mist. You’ll notice how easily it sprays out in a fine, even stream that coats those tricky spots—like mattress tufts and seams—without soaking everything.
What immediately stood out to me is how smoothly it applies. No drips, no puddles, just a light dampness that clearly targets the bugs and their eggs.
Plus, it leaves no lingering odor, which is a huge plus if you’re sensitive to strong chemical smells.
Handling the spray is straightforward. The bottle’s ergonomic design makes it easy to grip, and the spray nozzle adjusts for a light spray or a more direct hit.
I tested it on a mattress, focusing on creases and button areas, and it covered well without any mess or fuss.
Another thing I liked? The egg-kill formula.
Seeing it target the eggs gives you some peace of mind because you’re not just killing the adults. It’s also water-based, so it didn’t stain or damage my fabric, which makes it suitable for regular use.
Of course, for full control, you’ll want to treat the area every couple of weeks as part of a broader plan. It’s not a magic fix, but combined with vacuuming and encasements, it can really help you get a handle on those pesky bugs.
Overall, this spray feels like a reliable, user-friendly option that fits into a careful, ongoing treatment routine. Its ease of use and non-staining formula make it a standout in the midlothian bed bug treatment options.
What Are the Signs of a Bed Bug Infestation in Midlothian?
Signs of a bed bug infestation in Midlothian can be subtle but are crucial for early detection and effective treatment.
- Bed Bug Bites: Small, red, itchy welts on the skin often appear in clusters or lines.
- Blood Stains: Small, dark spots on sheets or mattresses may indicate blood from crushed bed bugs.
- Bed Bug Feces: Tiny, dark spots resembling pepper flakes on bedding or furniture can be a sign of bed bug droppings.
- Musty Odor: A sweet, musty smell in the infested area can indicate a larger presence of bed bugs.
- Eggs and Shells: Tiny, white eggs and shed skins found in crevices or along seams of mattresses signify a breeding population.
- Live Bugs: Sightings of actual bed bugs, particularly in the seams of mattresses or behind headboards, are a clear indication of an infestation.
Bed bug bites typically manifest as small, red, itchy welts that appear in clusters or lines on the skin, often on exposed areas during sleep. These bites can cause discomfort and may lead to secondary infections if scratched.
Blood stains on sheets or mattresses are another telltale sign; these stains occur when bed bugs are crushed after feeding. It’s important to inspect bedding regularly for these signs, as they can be a clear indicator of their presence.
Bed bug feces, which appear as tiny, dark spots that may resemble pepper or ink stains, can often be found on bedding, furniture, or walls. This fecal matter is a byproduct of their feeding and is a strong indicator of an infestation.
A musty odor in an area can be a less obvious yet significant sign of bed bug activity, as it is produced by the scent glands of the bugs themselves. This odor may be more noticeable in heavily infested areas.
Finding eggs and shells is another crucial sign; these tiny, white eggs are often hidden in crevices, seams, or cracks where bed bugs breed and hide. The presence of these eggs indicates that the infestation is not only present but potentially growing.
Finally, the direct sighting of live bed bugs, which are small, brownish insects about the size of an apple seed, is the most definitive sign of an infestation. They typically hide in dark, secluded areas during the day, making nighttime inspections essential for identifying their presence.
What Are the Most Effective Bed Bug Treatment Options Available in Midlothian?
The most effective bed bug treatment options available in Midlothian include:
- Professional Pest Control Services: Engaging a licensed pest control service is often the most thorough and effective way to eliminate bed bugs. These professionals have access to specialized equipment and insecticides that are not available to the general public, allowing them to address infestations at all life stages.
- Heat Treatment: Heat treatment involves raising the temperature of the infested area to a level that is lethal to bed bugs. This method is effective because it penetrates furniture, carpets, and walls, killing bugs and their eggs without the use of chemicals, making it a safer option for indoor environments.
- Insecticide Sprays: There are various commercial insecticides specifically formulated for bed bug treatment. These sprays can be effective when applied correctly, targeting cracks and crevices where bed bugs hide, though they may require multiple applications and should be used in conjunction with other methods for best results.
- Steam Treatment: Utilizing steam as a treatment option can effectively kill bed bugs and their eggs on contact. Steamers heat water to high temperatures, allowing the steam to penetrate fabrics and surfaces, making it an eco-friendly method that can be used on bedding, upholstery, and carpets.
- Encasements: Bed bug encasements are specially designed covers for mattresses and box springs that trap any existing bed bugs and prevent new ones from entering. These encasements can be an integral part of a treatment plan, helping to protect your investment while preventing re-infestation.
- DIY Treatment Options: Homeowners may consider using diatomaceous earth or essential oils as part of a DIY approach to bed bug treatment. While these methods can help reduce bed bug populations, they may not be sufficient for severe infestations and often require persistence and multiple applications to be effective.
How Does Heat Treatment Work for Bed Bugs?
Heat treatment is a highly effective method for eradicating bed bugs by exposing them to high temperatures.
- High-Temperature Exposure: The process involves raising the temperature of infested areas to between 120°F and 140°F.
- Direct and Indirect Heating: Heat can be applied directly using specialized equipment or indirectly through heated air circulation systems.
- Duration of Treatment: For effective results, the heat must be maintained for a specific duration, usually a minimum of 90 minutes to ensure all life stages are killed.
- Safety and Effectiveness: When conducted by professionals, heat treatment is safe for most household items and has a high success rate in eliminating bed bugs.
High-Temperature Exposure: Bed bugs and their eggs are sensitive to heat, and exposure to temperatures above 120°F can cause immediate mortality. This method works effectively because even hidden bugs in cracks and crevices are reached by the heat, making it a comprehensive solution for infestations.
Direct and Indirect Heating: Professionals often use specialized heaters to generate heat in the affected areas. Direct heating focuses on specific infested items, while indirect methods circulate heated air throughout the room, ensuring that even those bed bugs hiding in hard-to-reach spots are subjected to lethal temperatures.
Duration of Treatment: It is crucial to maintain the elevated temperature for a sufficient time, as shorter exposures may not kill all life stages of bed bugs. Eggs, in particular, are more resistant to heat, so a longer exposure ensures thorough eradication across all stages from nymphs to adults.
Safety and Effectiveness: Heat treatment is generally safe for most household items, including fabrics and electronics, provided it is conducted by trained professionals. The method is also advantageous because it eliminates the need for chemical pesticides, making it a preferred choice for those seeking a less toxic bed bug treatment option.
What Should You Know About Chemical Treatments for Bed Bugs?
When dealing with bed bugs, understanding the various chemical treatments available is essential for effective eradication.
- Insecticides: These are chemical substances specifically designed to kill insects, including bed bugs.
- Desiccants: This type of treatment works by drying out the bed bugs, leading to their eventual death.
- Biochemicals: These treatments utilize naturally occurring substances to disrupt the life cycle of bed bugs.
- Pyrethroids: A synthetic version of natural pyrethrins, these chemicals are commonly used due to their effectiveness against bed bugs.
- Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs): These chemicals do not kill bed bugs directly but prevent them from maturing or reproducing.
Insecticides: Insecticides are the most commonly used chemical treatments for bed bugs and come in various formulations, such as sprays, powders, and aerosols. They work by targeting the nervous system of the insects, leading to paralysis and death. However, some bed bugs have developed resistance to certain insecticides, making it essential to choose products with proven efficacy.
Desiccants: Desiccants, such as diatomaceous earth or silica gel, destroy bed bugs by damaging their exoskeletons and dehydrating them. These treatments are effective because they can remain active for long periods, continuously affecting bed bugs that come into contact with them. However, desiccants require careful application to ensure they reach all areas where bed bugs hide.
Biochemicals: Biochemical treatments often include natural ingredients that interfere with the reproduction and growth of bed bugs. They are considered safer for humans and pets compared to traditional insecticides, and they can be used in conjunction with other treatment methods. While they may take longer to show results, they can be an effective part of an integrated pest management approach.
Pyrethroids: Pyrethroids are widely used due to their fast-acting nature and effectiveness against a broad range of insects. They disrupt the normal functioning of the insect’s nervous system, causing paralysis and death. However, the rise of resistant bed bug populations has led to the need for combining pyrethroids with other treatment methods for better results.
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs): IGRs play a crucial role in bed bug management by preventing immature bed bugs from maturing into adults and reproducing. They mimic hormones that regulate development, effectively disrupting the life cycle of bed bugs. While IGRs may not eliminate existing populations, they are valuable in preventing future infestations when used alongside other treatments.
What Can You Expect From the Bed Bug Treatment Process?
The bed bug treatment process typically involves several key steps to effectively eliminate these pests from your home.
- Inspection: A thorough inspection of your home is conducted to identify the extent of the infestation and the specific areas where bed bugs are present.
- Treatment Plan: Based on the inspection findings, a tailored treatment plan is developed, which may include various methods such as chemical treatments, heat treatments, or vacuuming.
- Preparation: Before treatment, homeowners are usually required to prepare the space by cleaning and decluttering, which helps ensure the effectiveness of the treatment methods.
- Application of Treatment: The chosen treatment is then applied carefully, targeting all affected areas, including mattresses, furniture, and baseboards.
- Follow-Up Visits: After the initial treatment, follow-up visits may be scheduled to monitor the situation and apply additional treatments if necessary.
- Prevention Measures: Finally, the process includes guidance on preventive measures to help avoid future infestations, such as regular inspections and proper storage practices.
During the inspection, pest control professionals will look for signs of bed bugs, such as shed skins, eggs, and blood spots, which helps determine the severity of the problem.
The treatment plan is crucial as it ensures that the approach taken is suitable for your specific situation, considering factors like the level of infestation and the layout of your home.
Preparation is essential because it allows the treatment to penetrate effectively, eliminating bed bugs hiding in cracks, crevices, and other hard-to-reach areas.
Application of treatment can vary widely depending on the method chosen; for instance, heat treatments involve raising the temperature of the affected area to a level that is lethal for bed bugs, while chemical treatments involve applying insecticides.
Follow-up visits are important because they help confirm that the treatment was effective and allow for any necessary adjustments to be made to the strategy if there are still signs of bed bugs.
Finally, prevention measures are vital to maintaining a bed bug-free environment, as they empower homeowners with knowledge and practices to detect and avoid future infestations.
How Can You Prevent Future Bed Bug Infestations in Your Home?
Preventing future bed bug infestations requires a combination of vigilance, proper cleaning, and professional intervention.
- Regular Inspections: Conduct regular inspections of your home, particularly in areas where bed bugs are likely to hide, such as mattresses, box springs, and furniture seams. This can help you catch an infestation early before it becomes widespread.
- Declutter Living Spaces: Keeping your home free from clutter reduces the number of hiding spots for bed bugs. This makes it easier to inspect for and eliminate any potential infestations.
- Protective Covers: Using bed bug-proof mattress and box spring encasements can help keep bed bugs from infesting your sleeping areas. These covers trap any existing bugs and prevent new ones from entering.
- Washing and Drying Bedding: Regularly washing and drying your bedding and linens in hot water can kill any bed bugs and their eggs. High temperatures are particularly effective in eliminating these pests.
- Vacuuming Frequently: Regular vacuuming of carpets, rugs, and upholstered furniture can help remove bed bugs and their eggs. Be sure to dispose of the vacuum bag or empty the canister outside immediately to prevent reinfestation.
- Professional Pest Control: If you suspect an infestation, contacting a professional pest control service is crucial. They can provide the best bed bug treatment options available in Midlothian, ensuring thorough elimination and prevention of future infestations.
- Travel Precautions: When traveling, inspect hotel rooms for signs of bed bugs and keep your luggage off the floor. Upon returning home, wash all travel clothes and inspect your belongings to prevent bringing bed bugs into your house.
What Common Myths About Bed Bugs Should You Be Aware Of?
There are several common myths about bed bugs that can lead to misunderstandings about their behavior and treatment.
- Bed bugs are only found in dirty places: This myth suggests that bed bugs prefer unsanitary conditions, but in reality, they can thrive in any environment, clean or dirty. They are attracted to warmth and carbon dioxide rather than cleanliness, making them a risk in hotels, homes, and even clean spaces.
- You can get rid of bed bugs with DIY treatments: Many believe that home remedies or over-the-counter treatments are sufficient for eradicating bed bugs. However, they often require professional intervention as bed bugs are resilient and can quickly become resistant to chemical treatments, necessitating comprehensive approaches for effective elimination.
- Bed bugs only come out at night: While bed bugs are primarily nocturnal and tend to feed during the night, they can emerge at any time if they are hungry or disturbed. This misconception can lead people to underestimate their presence, as bed bugs may be active during the day if necessary.
- Bed bugs transmit diseases: Some think that bed bugs are vectors for diseases like mosquitoes or ticks. However, research shows that while bed bugs can cause discomfort and secondary infections from scratching, they do not transmit diseases, making their primary threat pestilent rather than health-related.
- Once you have bed bugs, they are impossible to get rid of: This myth fosters a sense of hopelessness among those dealing with an infestation. With the right strategies, including professional pest control and thorough cleaning, bed bugs can be completely eradicated, allowing affected individuals to regain comfort in their living spaces.
Why Choose Professional Bed Bug Extermination in Midlothian?
Choosing professional bed bug extermination in Midlothian is essential due to the difficulty of effectively eliminating these pests through DIY methods, which often lead to incomplete eradication and recurring infestations.
According to the National Pest Management Association (NPMA), bed bugs are notoriously resilient and can survive for months without feeding, making them particularly challenging to eradicate without professional intervention. The NPMA emphasizes that over-the-counter treatments often fail to penetrate deep into the crevices where bed bugs hide, leading to a cycle of infestation that homeowners struggle to break.
The underlying mechanism behind this persistence lies in the bed bugs’ biological adaptations and their reproductive capabilities. A single female can lay hundreds of eggs in her lifetime, and if even a few remain after a DIY treatment, they can quickly repopulate the area. Additionally, bed bugs have developed resistance to many common pesticides, which further complicates home treatment efforts. Professional exterminators utilize advanced techniques and tools, including heat treatment and targeted insecticides, which are not typically available to the general public, ensuring a higher success rate in eliminating these pests from the home.
Furthermore, the psychological impact of a bed bug infestation cannot be overlooked. The presence of these pests can lead to significant stress, anxiety, and sleepless nights for affected individuals. Research from the University of Kentucky indicates that professional extermination not only addresses the physical problem but also alleviates the mental burden associated with living in an infested space. By opting for professional services, homeowners in Midlothian can reclaim their peace of mind while ensuring the complete eradication of bed bugs.
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